The Alternative Distribution of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in Ukraine as a Case of Geographical Parthenogenesis

Keywords: geographic parthenogenesis, earthworms, Aporrectodea, amphimixis, apomixis

Abstract

Geographical parthenogenesis describes phenomenon when parthenogenetic hybrid forms or species have larger distribution areas or higher abundance than their amphimictic parental species, especially in climatically unfavorable conditions. This phenomenon was studied in Ukraine for the pair species of earthworms A. сaliginosa auct. We found that the hermaphroditic amphimictic A. caliginosa clearly predominates in the northern and western regions, and the apomictic parthenogenetic A. trapezoides in the southern and eastern regions with a continental arid climate. In the sample sets of Aрorrectodea сaliginosa – A. trapezoides group, usually one of the species sharply predominated, and the equality of their abundance was very rare. The reason for this fact is both the alternative geographical distribution and the ability of A. trapezoides to form populations in habitats unfavorable for A. caliginosa. In general, the situation in this group agrees with the classical model of geographic parthenogenesis and confirms the high adaptive potential of apomictic organisms. This fact once again raises the question of non-adaptive reasons for the exclusion of the apomictic reproduction in highly organized animals.

References

Ben-Ami, F., Heller, J. 2007. Temporal patterns of geographic parthenogenesis in a freshwater snail. Biol. J. Lin. Soc., 91, 711-718.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00832.x

Bierzychudek, P. 1985. Patterns in plant parthenogenesis. Experientia, 41, 1255-1264.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01952068

Casellato, S. 1987. On polyploidy in oligochaetes with particular reference to lumbricides. In: Bonvichi Pagia, A. M., Omodeo, P., eds. On earthworms. Selected symposia and monographs, 2. Modena, Italy, 75-87.

Cuellar, O. 1977. Animal parthenogenesis. Science, 197 (4306), 837-843.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.887925

Cuellar, O. 1994. Biogeography of parthenogenetic animals. Biogeographica, 70 (1), 1-13.

Glesener, R. R., Tilman, D. 1978. Sexuality and the components of environmental uncertainty: clues from geographic parthenogenesis in terrestrial animals. Am. Nat., 112 (986), 659-673.

https://doi.org/10.1086/283308

Grant, V. 1982. Plant speciation. Univ. Presses California, Columbia & Princeton, 1-432.

Haag, C. R., Ebert, D. 2004. A new hypothesis to explain geographic parthenogenesis. Ann. Zool. Fennici, 41, 539-544.

Hörandl, E. 2009. Geographical parthenogenesis: opportunities for asexuality. In: Schön, I, Martens, K, Van Dijk, P, eds. Lost Sex: the Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis. Springer, Dordrecht, 161-186.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_8

Jaenike, J., Parker, E. D., Selander, R. K. 1985. On the coexistence of ecologically similar clones of parthenogenetic earthworms. Oikos, 44, 512-514.

https://doi.org/10.2307/3565796

Jaenike, J., Parker, E. D., Selander, R. K. 1980. Clonal niche structure in parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion tirtaeum. Amer. Natur., 116, 196-205.

https://doi.org/10.1086/283622

Jaenike, J., Selander, R. K. 1979. Evolution and ecology of parthenogenesis in earthworms. Am. Zoologist., 19 (3), 729-737.

https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/19.3.729

Kearney, M. 2005. Hybridization, glaciation and geographical parthenogenesis. Trends Ecol Evol., 20, 495-502.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.06.005

Kearney, M., Moussalli, A., Strasburg, J., Lindenmayer, D., Moritz, C. 2003. Geographic parthenogenesis in the Australian arid zone: I. A climatic analysis of the Heteronotia binoei complex (Gekkonidae). Evol. Ecol. Res., 5 (7), 953-976.

Kearney, M., Moussalli, A. 2003. Geographic parthenogenesis in the Australian arid zone: II. Climatic analyses of orthopteroid insects of the genera Warramaba and Sipyloidea. Evol. Ecol. Res., 5 (7), 977-997.

Lewis, W. 1987. The evolution of sex and its consequences. In: Stearns, S, C., ed. The Cost of Sex. Birkhäuser, Basel, 33-57.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6273-8_2

Mezhzherin, S. V., Vlasenko, R. P., Garbar, A. V. 2008. Features of the genetic structure of the earthworms Aporrectodea (superspecies) сaliginosa (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) complex in Ukraine. Cytology and Genetics, 42 (4), 50-57 [In Russian].

https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452708040075

Mezhzherin, S. V., Garbar, A. V., Vlasenko, R. P., Оnishchuk, I. P., Коtsyuba, I. Y., Zhalay, E. I. 2018. Evolutionary paradox of parthenogenetic earthworms. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1-232 [In Russian].

Maynard Smith, J. 1978. The evolution of sex. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1-242.

Mogie, M., Britton, N. F., Stewart-Cox, J. A. 2007. Asexuality, polyploidy and the male function. In: Hörandl, E., Grossniklaus, U., Van Dijk, P. J., Sharbel, T., eds. Apomixis: Evolution, Mechanisms and Perspectives. Gantner, Ruggell., 169-194.

Morgan-Richards, M., Trewick, S. A. 2010. Geographic parthenogensis and the common tea-tree stick insect of New Zealand. Mol. Ecol., 19 (6), 1227-1238.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04542.x

Moritz, C. 1983. Parthenogenesis in the endemic Australian lizard Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae). Science, 220 (4598), 735-737.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4598.735

Muldal, S. 1952. The chromosomes of the earthworms: I. The evolution of polyploidy. Heredity, 6 (1), 56-76.

https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1952.4

Peacock, F. C., Bunting, S. L., Queen, K. G. 1965. Serum protein electrophoresis in acrilamide gel patterns from normal human subjects. Science, 147, 1451-1455.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.147.3664.1451

Peck, J. R., Yearsley, J. M., Waxman, D. 1998. Explaining the geographic distributions of sexual and asexual populations. Nature, 391, 889-892.

https://doi.org/10.1038/36099

Perel', T. S. 1982. Geographic features of reproduction of earthworms of the family Lumbricidae. Zh. Obshch. Biologii, 43 (5), 649-658 [In Russian].

Shekhovtsov, S. V., Golovanova, E. V., Bazarova, N. E., Belova, Yu. N., Berman, D. I., Derzhinsky, E. A, Shashkov, M. P., Peltek, S. E. 2017. Genetic diversity of the Aporrectodea caliginosa complex in Russia. Vavilov Journal of genetics and breeding, 21 (3), 374-379 [In Russian].

https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ17.255

Schmit, O., Saskia, N. S., Bode, A., Camacho, D., Horne J. 2013. Linking present environment and the segregation of reproductive modes (geographical parthenogenesis) in Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda) Journal of Biogeography. 40 (12), 2396-2408.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12174

Stenberg, P., Lundmark, M., Knutelski, S., Saura, A. 2003. Evolution of clonality and polyploidy in a weevil system. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 20, 1626- 1632.

https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msg180

Suomalainen, E., Saura, A., Lokki, J. 1987. Cytology and evolution in parthenogenesis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1-206.

Terhivuo, J., Lundqvist, E., Saura, A. 2002. Clone diversity of Eiseniella tetraedra (Lumbricidae: Oligochaeta) along regulated and free-flowing boreal rivers. Ecography, 25, 714-720.

https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250607.x

Terhivuo, J., Saura, A. 1996. Clone pool structure and morphological variation in endogeic and epigeic North-European parthenogenetic earthworm (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia, 40 (3), 226-239.

Terhivuo, J., Saura, A. 1997. Island biogeography of North European Parthenogenetic Lumbricidae: I. Clone pool affinities and morphometric differentiation of Åland populations. Ecography, 20, 185-196.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00361.x

Vandel, A. 1928. La parthenogenese geographique. Contribution a l'etude biologique et cytologique de la parthenogenese natural. Bull. Biol. France Belg., 62, 164-181.

Viktorov, A. G. 1993. Diversity of polyploid races in the Earthworms Family Lumbricidae. Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 113 (3), 304-312 [In Russian].

Vrijenhoek, R. C., Parker, J. E. D. 2009. Geographical parthenogenesis: General purpose genotypes and frozen niche variation. In: Schön, I, Martens, K., Van Dijk, PJ, eds. Lost Sex: the Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis. Springer, Dordrecht, 99-131.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_6

Vsevolodova-Perel, T. S. 1997. Earthworms in the Fauna of Russia: A Checklist with An Identification Key. Nauka, Moscow, 1-104 [In Russian].

West, S. A., Lively, C. M., Read, A. F. 1999. A pluralist approach to sex and recombination. J. Evol. Biol., 12, 1003-1012.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00119.x

Wright, J. W., Cole, C. J., Cuellar, O. 1978. Parthenogenetic lizards. Science, 201 (4361), 1152-1155.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.201.4361.1152-a

Published
2021-05-04
How to Cite
Mezhzherin, S., Chayka, Y., Vlasenko , R., Zhalay , E., Rostovskaya , O., & Harbar , O. (2021). The Alternative Distribution of Related Earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. trapezoides (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in Ukraine as a Case of Geographical Parthenogenesis. Zoodiversity, 55(3), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.03.185