Distribution of Ixodes ricinus (Arachnida, Ixodidae) in Ukraine in the Context of Tick Hazard, and Factors Favoring its Persistence in Conditions of Fast-Going Environmental Change
Abstract
Habitat conditions and factors were studied contributing to the spread of I. ricinus over vast territories. There are excellent conditions for the existence of hard ticks in the settlement agglomerations throughout Ukraine: suitable biotopes with expedient litter and a large number of hosts for all stages of development of ticks. The castor bean tick lives in all of Ukraine, adapting its size of idiosome and diapause to changing environmental conditions, and using the ability to parasitize on animals well adapted to urban conditions. I. ricinus prefers urban landscapes in areas with unfavorable environmental conditions. The hiatus in the range of the castor bean tick between the southern mainland of Ukraine and the steppe regions of Crimea may be restored due to global climatic changes.
References
Akimov, I., Nebogatkin, I. 2011. Distribution of ticks from of the genus Dermacentor (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, 45 (1), 35-40.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10058-011-0001-x
Akimov, I. A., Nebogatkin, I. V. 1996. On the southern border of distribution of the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus L.). Vestnik Zoologii, 6, 84-86.
Akimov, I. A., Nebogatkin, I. V. 2010. Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, 44 (3), 245-251.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10058-010-0014-x
Akimov, I.А., Nebogatkin, I.V. 2016. Ixodid Ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Urban Landscapes. A review. Vestnik Zoologii, 50 (2), 155-162.
https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0018
Balashov, Y. S. 1998. Ticks-parasites and vectors of infections. SPb., Science, 1-287 [In Russian].
Beklemishev, V. N. 1961. Terminology and concepts necessary for the quantitative study of populations of ectoparasites and nidicoles. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 40 (2), 149-158.
Gigon, F. 1985. Biologie d'Ixodes ricinus L. sur le plateau suisse: une contribution à l'écologie de ce vecteur (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Neuchâtel).
Korenberg, E. I., Sirotkin, M. B., Kovalevskii, Y. V. 2016. A general scheme of circulation of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses pathogens in the natural foci of Eurasia. Entomological Review, 96 (4), 484-499.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873816040126
Lindquist, L., Vapalahti, O. 2008. Tick-borne encephalitis. The Lancet, 371 (9627), 1861-1871.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60800-4
Medlock, J. M., Hansford, K. M., Bormane, A., Derdakova, M., et. al. 2013. Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. Parasites & vectors, 6 (1), 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-1
Nebogatkin, I. V. 1996. Spontaneous outbreak breeding steppe tick R. rossicus Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova (Ixodidae) in the outskirts of Kiev. Vestnik Zoologii, (3), 65-67 [In Russian].
Nebogatkin, I. V. 2018. Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) in southern Ukraine. Ukrainska Entomofaunistyka, 9 (1), 43-57 [In Ukrainian].
Nebogatkin, I. V., Shulhan, A. M. 2020. Epidemiological and epizootic features of Lyme disease in 2019 in Ukraine. Aktuana Infektologia, 8 (5-6), 44-48 [In Ukrainian, abstract in English].
https://doi.org/10.22141/2312-413x.8.5-6.2020.217959
Needham, G. R., Rosell, R., & Greenwald, L. 1990. Ultrastructure of type-I salivary-gland acini in four species of ticks and the influence of hydration states on the type-I acini of Amblyomma americanum. Experimental & applied acarology, 10 (2), 83-104.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01194085
Poluda, A. M. 2011. Spatial-temporal characteristics of migrations of the great tits parus major (Aves, Passeriformes, Paridae) in Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii, 45 (4), 343-357 [In Russian].
Rogovskiy, A. S., Biatov, A. P., Davis, M. A., Liu, S., Nebogatkin, I. V. 2020. Upsurge of Lyme borreliosis in Ukraine: a 20-year survey. Journal of Travel Medicine. 27 (6).
https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa100
Rogovskiy, A., Batool, M., Gillis, D. C., Holman, P. J., Nebogatkin, I. V., Rogovska, Y. V., Rogovskyy, M. S. 2018. Diversity of Borrelia spirochetes and other zoonotic agents in ticks from Kyiv, Ukraine. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 9 (2), 404-409.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.12.006
Rudolph, D., Knülle, W. 1978. Uptake of water vapour from the air: process, site and mechanism in ticks. In: Comparative physiology: water, ions and fluid mechanics, 97-113.
Tularemia (organizational and teaching materials). 1954. M., Medgiz, 1-184 [In Russian].
Uspensky, I., Garruto, R. M., Goldfarb, L. 2003. The taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) of Russia: distributional and reproductive ranges. Journal of medical entomology, 40 (1), 119-122.
